（4）原文：中欧经济贸易合作取得了可喜的成果。欧盟巳经成为中国的重要经贸伙伴，是中国最大的技术供应方、第三大贸易伙伴和第五大实际投资方。2001年，中欧贸易达到766亿美元，比上一年增长11%，尤其是中国从欧盟的进口增长了15.8%。我非常赞赏欧中贸协(Europe-China Business Association)与比中经贸理事会(Belgium-Chinese Economic and Commercial Council)为发展中欧关系所做出的努力。中欧经济贸易合作具有广阔的前景。中欧经济具有很强的互补性，在贸易、投资、科技等领域具有很大的合作潜力。
参考答案：
China-EU economic and trade cooperation has yielded hearteningfruits. The EU has now become an important economic and
trade partner of China, working as the largest technology
supplier, the third largest trading partner and the fifth largestactual investor in China. Bilateral trade reached 76.6
billion dollars in 2001, achieving an 11% increase compared to the previous year. In particular, China’s imports from
the EU grew by 15.8%. highly appreciate the efforts by the
Europe-China Business Association and the Belgium-Chinese
Economic and Commercial Council for developing China-EU ties. China-EU trade and economic cooperation is endowed with a
promising future. The two economies are strongly complimentaryto each other and hence enjoy huge potential for cooperationin trade, investment, science and technology areas.
难点精析：
1.
中欧经济贸易合作取得了可喜的成果：EU=European Union，表示欧盟“取得了”可译为has got，但稍显生硬，yield fruit意为“结果，取得成果”，用在此处更为恰当;“可喜的”可译为heartening，还可译为^ promising。
2.
第三大贸易伙伴和第五大实际投资方：“最大”用thelargest来表示，“第几大”则可译为the+序数词+largest，因此此处“第三大”译为
thethirdlargest; “第五大”译为the fi他largest。“贸易伙伴”译为 tradingpartner; “实际投资方”译为actual investor。
3. 766亿美元：应译为76.6 billion dollars。billion意为“10亿”，而不是“1 亿”。
4.增长了15.8%:可译为grew by 15.8%,还可译为increased by 15.8%。
increase的反义词为decrease，二者用法相同，后接具体的百分比时，要与介词by连用。
5.发展中欧关系：“关系”还可译为relationship，但tie表示的“关系”比relationship的情感色彩更强烈一些，意为“紧密关系”，此处原文中虽没有提及“紧密”，但很显然是要发展中欧的紧密关系，故译成tie更贴合文意。
6.具有很强的互补性：are strongly complimentary to each other, complimentary意为“互补的”。
7.具有很大的合作潜力：“具有”此处译为enjoy显得生动，带有较强的感情色彩。potential后应与介词for 搭配
。
（5）原文：
中医(Traditional Chinese Medicine)是中华文化不可分割的一部分，为振兴华夏做出了巨大的贡献。如今，中医和西医(western medicine)在中国的医疗保健领域并驾齐驱。中医以其独特的诊断手法、系统的治疗方式和丰富的典籍材料，备受世界瞩目。中国的中医事业由国家中医药管理局
(State Administration of TCM and Pharmacology)负责。现在国家巳经出台了管理中医的政策、法令和法规，引导并促进这个新兴产业的研究和开发。
在定义上，中医是指导中国传统医药理论和实践的一种医学，它包括中医疗法、中草药(herbalogy)、针灸(acupuncture )、推拿(massage)和气功(Qigong)。
参考答案：
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is an integral part of
Chinese culture. It has made great contributions to the
prosperity of China. Today both TCM and western medicine arebeing used in providing medical and health services in China. TCM, with its unique diagnostic methods, systematic approach, abundant historical literature and materials, has attracteda lot of attention from the international community. In
China, TCM is under the administration of State
Administration of TCM and Pharmacology. National strategies, laws and regulations governing TCM are now in place to
guide and promote the research and development in this
promising industry. TCM is defined as a medical science
governing the theory and practice of traditional Chinese
medicine. It includes Chinese medication, herbalogy,acupuncture,massage and Qigong.
难点精析：
1.不可分割的一部分：可译为an integral part。
2.为振兴华夏做出了巨大的贲献：可译为
has made great contributions to the prosperity of China
，其中“华夏”：即“中国”或“中华”，可直接译为China; “振兴”此处翻译成了名词形式prosperity,还可译为revitalization;“做出了巨大的贡献” 可译为has made great contributions。
3.并驾齐驱：此处指两者(中医和西医)都得以应用，可简单地翻译为
both are being used.
4.独特的诊断手法、系统的治疗方式和丰富的典籍材料：三个并列的名词短语， 可分别译为unique ：diagnostic methods, systematic approach和
abundant historical literature and materials; “典籍材料”可理解为历史文献资料，翻译为historical literature and materials。
5.引导并促进这一新兴产业的研究和开发：“引导”译为guide; “促进”可译为promote，还可译为facilitate或further; “新兴产业，，可译为 promising industry,还可译为new industry或emerging industry。
6.中医疗法：译为Chinese medication。
（6）原文：
中国新年是中国最重要的传统节日，在中国也被称为春节。新年的庆祝活动从除夕开始一直延续到元宵节(the Lantern Festival)，即从农历
(lunar calendar)最后一个月的最后一天至新年第一个月的第十五天。各地欢 度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异，但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。为驱厄运、迎好运，家家户户都会进行大扫除。人们还会在门上粘贴红色的对联(couplets)，对联的主题为健康、发财和好运。其他的活动还有放鞭炮、发红包和探亲访友等。
参考答案：
Chinese New Year is the most important traditional Chinese holiday. In China, it is also known as the Spring Festival.
New Year celebrations run from Chinese New Year’s Eve, the
last day of the last month of the lunar calendar, to the Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the first month.Customs
and traditions concerning the celebration of the Chinese New
Year vary widely from place to place. However, New Year’s Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to gather
for the annual reunion dinner. It is also traditional for
very family to thoroughly clean the house in order to sweepaway ill fortune and to bring in good luck. And doors willbe decorated with red couplets with themes of health, wealthand good luck. Other activities include lighting firecrackers,giving money in red envelopes, and visiting relatives and friends.
难点精析：
1.
庆祝活动：译为celebrations即可，考生要注意，不要看到“庆祝活动”就想在celebration的后面加上•activities
2. 有很大差异：译为„vary widely,此句还可以翻译为are rather different。
3.驱厄运、迎好运：译为
sweep away ill fortune and to bring in good luck，此
处的“驱”如果考生无法译出：: sweep away，也可以用简单的get rid of 来表达。
4.大扫除：译为thoroughly clean the house。
5.放鞭炮、发红包：译
为 lighting firecrackers, giving money in red envelopes。
放鞭炮还可以用 set off ' I firecrackers或fire firecrackers
来表达。
（7）原文:关于吃月饼这个传统的来历有两个传说。一个是唐朝的神话故事，说的是当时地球被10个太阳包围着。有一天10个太阳同时出现在天空中，巨大的热量几乎把地球烤焦了。多亏一位名叫后羿的神箭手射下了9个太阳，地球才被保住。为了奖励后羿，王母娘娘赐给后羿一种长生不老药，但是王母警告他必须正当使用。然而后羿没有理会王母娘娘的警告，他被名利冲昏了头脑，变成了一个暴君。后羿美丽的妻子嫦娥对他的暴行再也不能袖手旁观，于是她偷走了后羿的长生不老药，飞到月亮上逃避后羿的狂怒。从此就有了关于月宫仙子嫦娥，这个月亮上的美丽女人的传说。
翻译
:
There are two legends which claim to explain the tradition of eating mooncakes. One Tang Dynasty myth holds that the Earth once had 10 suns circling it. One day all 10 suns appeared at once, scorching the planet with their heat.It was
thanks to a skillful archer named Hou Yi that the Earth
was saved. He shot down all but one of the suns.As his
reward, the Heavenly Queen Mother gave Hou Yi the Elixir ofImmortality, but she warned him that he must use it wisely.Hou Yi ignored her advice and, corrupted by fame and
fortune, became a tyrannical leader. Chang-Er, his beautiful wife, could no longer stand by and watch him abuse his power so she stole his Elixir and fled to the moon to escapehis angry wrath.And thus began
the legend of the beautiful woman in the moon, the Moon Fairy. and thus began
(8)原文:
波士顿咨询公司最近做的一项研究显示，到2020年中国将会有2.2亿家庭收入在2万到100万美元的富裕消费者。这些消费者中75%住在“较小城市”。随着网络的发展，较小城市的消费者的一种必然趋势是他们更加依赖社交网络服务上的信息。很多网络顾客都是通过微信、微博和QQ空间分组的。据估计今年中国将会有2.5亿消费者进行网购，位于四线城市的消费者平均每人会花费他们50% 或者更高的工资在网购上，这一数据要比一线城市的消费者的花费高。
参考答案
:
A recent study conducted by the Boston Consulting Group saysthere will be 220 million affluent consumers, who are from households earning between $ 20,000 to $ 1 million, in
China by 2020, and 75 percent of them will live in “smaller” cities. With the development of the Internet, an inevitable trend among these consumers is they are much more dependent on information from social networking services. Many ofthe website’s customers are “grouped” by Wechat, Weibo andQQ Zones. It is now estimated that 250 million Chinese consumers will shop online this year and the average shopper ina fourth-tier city in China will spend 50 percent or more of their income on e-commerce than
those in top-tier cities.
(9)
原文:聘金是中国传统习俗的一部分。这一习惯在整个中国都很普遍。但是近几年来其标准不断上升，致使大多数家庭都很难达到。高额的聘礼常常“抢劫” 了新郎父母必生的积蓄，甚至引起家庭纠纷。此外，许多新婚夫妇被迫举行奢侈的婚礼宴会，在这个过程中，大量债务的累积可能使他们的新婚生活变得辛酸，至少在最初阶段是这样。想想老一辈节俭的婚礼，虽然简简单单，但也幸福美满，没有给他们婚后的生活带来任何负担。
参考答案
:
Endowment may be part of Chinese tradition, but the
standards have become so high in recent years that a
majority of families are finding it difficult to meet them.
The high endowment amounts often rob grooms’ parents of
their life’s savings and causes family disputes. Besides,
many newly married couples are forced to host extravagant
wedding ceremoniesto keep up with the Joneses and, in the
process, run up huge debts that could turn their married
life sour, at leastin the initial phase. Considering the
frugal wedding of manyparents, simple but happiness, didn’t have any bearing on their married life
(10)
原文
:舞龙(Dragon dance)是中国文化中一种传统的舞蹈与表演形式。它起源于汉朝并且由信仰并尊敬龙的中国人所开创。人们认为舞龙一开始是农耕文化的组成部分，起初也是治病和防病的一种方法。舞龙在宋朝（Song Dynasty）就已成为一项流行的活动。舞龙是中国文化和传统的重要组成部分，已经传遍了中国乃至全世界，而且已经成为中国体育活动中一项特殊的艺术表演。它象征着在来年为世界上所有人带来好运和兴旺。
参考答案：
Dragon dance is a form or traditional dance and
performancein Chinese culture.It originated during the Han
Dannasty and was started by the Chinese who had shown greatbelief and respect towards the dragon .It is believed to
have begun sapart of the farming and harvest culture,also
with origns as a method of healing and preventing sickness .The dragon dance was already a popular event during the
Song Dynasty.Dragondance is an important part of Chinese
culture ang tradition.It has spread througout China and to
the whole world and become a special performance of arts inthe Chinese physical activities.It symbolises good luck and
prosperity in the year to come for all the human beings onearthd, kung fu (otherwise known as Chinese martial arts),
and traditionalChinese medicine, has been internationally
hailed as one of the“four new national treasures.”
针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通 经络、调和气血，来达到阴阳归于平衡，使脏腑趋于调和之目的。其特点是“内 病外治”。主要疗法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位，或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼 病人的穴位，以达到刺激经络。治疗病痛的目的。针灸以其独特的优势，流传至 今并传播到了世界，与中餐、功夫、中药一起被海外誉为中国的“新四大国粹” 。
六、
Chinese Kung Fu Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese culture in abundance. It is a traditional Chinese sport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat and the motions engaged with a series ofskill and tricks. The core idea of Chinese king fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both “themean and harmony”and “cultivating qi” (otherwise known as nourishing one’s spirit). Meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism. Chinese kung fu has a long
history, with multi-various sects and many different boxing
styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and
internal and external training. It contains the ancient great thinkers’pondering of life and the universe. The skills in
wielding the 18 kinds of weapons named by the later generations mainly involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such
as shadow boxing (Taijiquan), form and will boxing
(Xingyiquan),eight trigram palm (Baguazhang), and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords,
spears, two-edged swords and halberds, axes, tomahawks, kooks,prongs and so on.
中国功夫即中国武术，是将技击寓于搏斗和套路运动之中的中国传统体育项目， 承载着丰富的中国民族传统文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和养气之说，同时兼容 了道家、释家的思想。中国武术源远流长、流派林立、拳种繁多，讲究刚柔并济、 内外兼修，蕴含着先哲们对生命和宇宙的参悟。后世所称十八般武艺，主要指： 徒手拳艺，如太极拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀枪剑戟、斧钺钩叉等。
七、
Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple picturesused to help people remember things. After a long period ofdevelopment, it finally became a unique character system thatembodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same
time. The writing system, which was extremely advanced in
ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, and these are regarded as the original forms of
Chinese characters. Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions, official
script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc. Chinese characters are usually round outside and square
inside, which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth. The five basic strokes
of Chinese characters are “---“ (the horizontal stroke)
“”(the vertical stroke), “／”( the left-falling stroke), “＼” (the right-falling stroke), and “乙” (the turning stroke).
汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画，经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、 形、意韵的独特文字。现存中国古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被认为是现代汉 字的初形。此后，汉字又经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等不同的阶段。 汉字结构“外圆内方“，源于古人”天圆地方“的观念。汉字有五种基本笔画，即：横、竖、撇、捺、折。
八、
Chinese Chopsticks The Chinese way of eating with chopsticks
is unique in the world. The recorded history of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago. Chopsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese. They look deceptively simple
to use, but possess multi-various functions, such as clampin
g, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping, poking, tearing, and so on. Chopsticks were taken as an
auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient China. For
example, the partial tone of chopsticks is often used by
people as a metaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon. Unlike
using a knife and fork or one’s own hands, a pair of
chopsticks also implies the meaning of “Harmony is what
matters”.Chopsticks are highly praised by Westerners as a hallmark of ancient oriental civilization.
中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜。有史记载用筷的历史已有三千 多年。筷子古时称为箸，它看似简单，但却同时具有夹、拨、挑、扒、拌、撮、 戳、撕等多种功能。中国民间视筷子为吉祥之物，如婚俗中将筷子隐喻为快生贵 子的祝福等。与使用刀叉以及手抓的方式不同，成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵“ 的意蕴。西方人赞誉筷子是古老的东方文明。
九、
Chinese Seal A seal can also be defined as a stamp. Both the Chinese official and private seal of various dynasties
have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others. The seals used by the emperors of
ancient China were called xi, yin, bao, etc. According to
historical records, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period (475BC-221BC). The making of a seal is to
engrave fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on; or images in the form of intaglio and
embossment into the seal, basically shaped as round or
square. Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal
is not only used in daily life, but it is also used to
represent signatures on paintings and calligraphies. It is
gradually becoming one of China’s unique artworks.
印章就是图章。中国历代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等 不同的称谓，而帝王所用的印章古时称玺、印、宝、章等。据史料记载，印章在 战国时代已普遍使用。印章的制作是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳的形式雕刻而 成，形状以圆、方为主。印章用朱色钤盖，除日常应用外，又多用于书画题识， 逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一。
十、
Chinese Era The Chinese era is the symbol that the Chinese calendar uses for recording and naming years. The ten
Heavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui. The twelve Earthly Branches are: zi.chou, yin,
mou, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai. After observing the lunar month, the ancients found that the moon always wazes and wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar
months account for about 60 days, so the order of the ten Heavenly Stems and the order of the twelve Earthly
Branches are properly matched in turn. In terms of recording date, 60 years is considered to be a full time cycle.
The Chinese era chronology was first invented in ancient
times and is still in use now. according to the chronology of the “ten Heavenly Stems,” 2011 is the year of “the
seventh of the ten Heavenly Stems”and “ the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches”.
天干地支是中国历法中用以记录和命名年岁的方法。十天干为：甲、乙、丙、 丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支为：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、 申、酉、戊、亥。古人观测朔望月，发现月亮圆缺12次大体上是一年的天数，而两个朔望月约是60天。古人以十天干与十二地支的顺序依次相配，记录不同 年份，60年为一个轮回。干支纪年法从古沿用至今。按干支纪年法，2011年便 是辛卯年。
十一、
hinese Beijing Opera Praised as “Oriental Opera”,Beijing
Opera is a genuine national quintessence of China. It
originated from many kinds of ancient local operas,
especially huiban in southern China. At the end of the 19thCentury, Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of op
era in China. Beijing Opera is a blend of performing arts---song, speech, performance, acrobatix
fighting and dance. Beijing Opera portrays and narrates the plot and characters through stylized acting. The main types of roles in Beijing Opera are sheng(male), dan (young female), jing (painted face, male), and chou( clown, male or female).
京剧被誉为“东方歌剧”，是地道的中国国粹。它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏 剧，特别是南方的“徽班”。到了19世纪末，京剧形成并成为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合性表演艺术，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武） 、舞（舞蹈）为一体，通过程式化的表演手段，叙述故事，刻画人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、净（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行当。
十二、
Chinese Taoism Taoism first originated in China. The founder of Taoism is Laozi, a philosopher and thinker who lived in
the late Spring and Autumn Period (770BC-476BC). Tao Te
Ching whose authorship has been attributed to Laozi, is
considered to be the main Taoist classic. Taoism advocates
the value of a human being’s life, recommends the
discarding of all desires and worries from one’s mind, and
encourages the cultivation of moral character and the
nourishment of human nature. The following is an example of
Laozi’s golden saying: The way that can be told of is notan unvarying way; The names that can be named are not
unvarying names. It was from the nameless that Heaven and
Earth sprang; The named is but the mother that rears the
ten thousand creatures, each after its kind. Truly, only he
that rids himself forever of desire can see the secret
essences; He that has never rid himself of desire can see only the outcomes.
道教是中国土生土长长的宗教。创始人是春秋末期的哲学家、思想家老子。道 教以老子所著的《道德经》为主要经典。道教主张“重人贵生”。崇尚清静无为， 修身养性。“道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。无名天地之始；有名万物之母。 故常无，欲以观其妙；常有，欲以观其徼”便是老子的至理名言。
十三、
Chinese Idioms Chinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed phrases and expressions. Idioms are established and accepted by constant usage and common practice. An idiom is a language unit that is larger than a word, but has the same grammatical function as a wor
d. Most Chinese idioms consist of four characters. For example, ziqiangbuxi ( make unremitting efforts to improve oneself), qingchuyulan(bluer than indigo), and houjibofa (success comes with time and effort). Idioms are extrated from folk proverbs, ancient
works of literature, poems, fables, allusions, and well-known sayings. Idioms are a part of the Chinese language that
are concise and have great vitality.
中国成语是汉语中意义完整的表示一般概念的固定词组或短语。“成语”中的“ 成”既是约定俗成。成语是比词大而语法功能又相当于词的语言单位。绝大多数的中国成语由四个汉字组成，例如：自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积薄发。成语主要从民间谚语、古代文学作品、诗歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提炼而成，是汉语语言中精炼而又富有生命力的一部分。
十四、
China is the home of silk. Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and thickening are all great inventions of the ancient Chinese. As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties (1600BC-256BC), the Chinese people’s silk-weaving techniques
had reached an extremely high level. During the Western Han
Dynasty (206BC-25AD), Zhang Qian, an outstanding diplomat, travelled around central Asia and connected China with the
Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, opening up a new era ofSino-foreign trade, exchange and communication. From then on,
China’s silk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color, and abundant culture
connotations. Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chinese culture and the emissary of oriental civilization.
中国是丝绸的故乡。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。商周时期丝绸的生产技术就已发展到相当高的水平。西汉时张骞通西域，把中原与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来，开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从此中国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花色和丰富的文化内涵闻名于世，成为中国文化的象征。东方文明的使者。
十五、
The Chinese classical garden is a precious treasure of our ancient Chinese architecture. It is a kind of environment
art, which systematically combines artificial mountains and
rivers, plants and buildings with the natural landscape. The construction standard of a Chinese classical garden is
“artificial as it is, the garden must look ingenious and
natural.”When you go sightseeing in a Chinese classical
garden, you should be able to appreciate its artistic
concept which “makes use of the natural landscape to createthe real fun of mountains and rivers for viewers.”Of the
world’s three major garden systems, the Chinese classical
garden is hailed as one of the origins of the world’s
garden due to its long history and abundant connotations.
中国园林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等与自然地貌有机结合的环境艺术，是 我国古代建筑艺术的珍宝。其建造原则是“妙极自然，宛自天开”。游赏中国古典园林，能充分领略“假自然之景，创山水真趣”的园林意境。在世界三大园林体系中，中国园林历史悠久、内涵丰富，被誉为世界造园史上的渊源之一。
十六、
The Four Treasures of the Study The writing brush, ink
stick, ink stone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often
referred to as the “Four Treasures of the Study.” The
writing brush and ink stick have been used by the Chinese to write and paint since 5,000 years ago. In the Qin
Dynasty (221BC---206BC), people already used feathers of
different hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes. During the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink. After paper was invented by the Chinese,
bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which
originally functioned as writing surfaces, gradually faded out. The ink stone was first developed with the use of
writing brushes and ink. After the Song Dynasty (960AD---1279AD), the “Four Treasure of theStudy”particularly referred tohubi, the writing brush produced in Huzhou, Zhejiang province; huimo, the inkstick producedin Huizhou, Anhui province;xuan
paper,a kind ofpaper produced in Xuanzhu, Anhui province;and duanyan, the ink stone made in Zhaoqing, Guangdong povince (Zhaoqing was earlier called Duanzhou). Indeed, the Four Treasures of the Study”have writtin the whole Chinese civilization, as it is.
笔墨纸砚是中国古代文人书房当中必备的宝贝，被称为“文房四宝”。勇笔墨书写绘画在中国可追溯到五千年前。秦时已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制笔；汉代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了纸张以后，简牍锦帛逐失其用；砚台则随笔墨的使用而发展。“文房四宝”到宋朝以后特指湖笔、徽墨、宣纸、端砚。可以说文房四宝书写了整个中华文明。
